The flexion of the foot is

Always remember that a permanent venous filter means lifelong use of anticoagulant medications and a lifelong risk of filter thrombosis (a foreign body in the lumen of a vein is often complicated by thrombosis).

Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis, together with subcutaneous thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism, is collectively known as venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Venous thrombosis – is an acute disease characterized by the formation of a thrombus in a vein with a more or less severe inflammatory process and impaired blood flow. The presence of an inflammatory component in the area of the thrombus determines another name for the disease: thrombophlebitis.

Most phlebologists, aware of the conventionality of this classification of venous thrombosis, use the term 'thrombophlebitis' for damage to the subcutaneous veins (with pronounced inflammatory symptoms) and 'thrombosis', 'deep vein thrombosis' or 'phlebothrombosis' for damage to the deep ones veins.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a disease that affects not only the venous and lymphatic return systems, but also the function of the entire circulatory system.

If this pathology is not actively addressed, the further course of the disease becomes stubborn, tends to self-limit and is irreversible.

This disease does not have strictly characteristic symptoms and is fraught with numerous risk and triggering factors, so additional high-precision and modern diagnostic tools are required to clarify its presence and the nature of its course, of which ultrasound angiascopes with color mapping are the most important tool in current clinical environment.

• According to the International Consensus Statement, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the general population is approximately 160 per 100,000 and the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism is 60 per 100,000.
• In Russia, 240,000 people annually suffer from venous thrombosis and 100,000 of them from pulmonary embolism, including fatal embolism, which far exceeds the incidence of tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV infection.
• In the United States, approximately 200,000 people are hospitalized each year for deep vein thrombosis. In the United States, approximately 200,000 people are hospitalized each year for deep vein thrombosis. In the Italian working-age population (20-55 years), deep vein thrombosis is diagnosed in 1 % of cases.
• Venous thrombosis occurs in various clinical situations and is a complication of many diseases. The incidence of postoperative thrombosis is stated by various authors to be 20-59 %.

History of phlebothrombosis

Research into deep vein phlebothrombosis dates back more than 400 years.

Obstruction of the vena cava as a cause of gangrene was first described by F. Hildanus in 1593. The first mention of ileocecal phlebothrombosis in the medical literature was by Mauriceau 300 years ago.

The term thrombophlebitis was first introduced into medicine by the English surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793), who operated on gunshot wounds and other wounds and noted that inflammatory processes associated with the formation of thrombi in the veins were common.

Interest in deep vein thrombosis increased significantly after the eminent German pathologist R. Virchow developed his theory of venous thromboembolism. In 1844, when he opened the body of a young man who died suddenly after suffering hip pain, Virchow discovered a thrombus in the right femoral vein and a twisted thrombus in the pulmonary artery. He then introduced the terms 'thrombus' and 'embolism' into medical terminology. In 1845, after finding venous thrombi in 18 of 76 autopsies and detecting thrombi in the pulmonary artery in 11 cases, he concluded that thrombi form in the veins and are transported into the pulmonary artery with the bloodstream. He also formulated the classic triad, which remains the most complete representation of the connections in the pathogenesis of local vascular thrombosis.

The first monograph in Russian dedicated to this problem was IF Klein's work 'On Thrombosis, Embolism and Ichorrhoea', published in 1863.

Despite the fact that acute deep phlebothromboses differ fundamentally in their various variants of localization and clinical course, they are united by the commonality of the main etiopathogenetic processes. The concept of phlebothromboses as a nosological group is based on the classic Virchow triad.

More than 150 years ago, Rudolf Virchow described the basic mechanisms of intravascular thrombosis. Its classic triad includes hypercoagulation, damage to the vessel wall and slowing of blood flow. Sometimes the change in just one of these factors is enough to cause pathology.

Main groups of reflexes: from essential to transient

Some reflexes disappear within a few days, while others can be observed over a longer period of time. Long-lasting nervous system reactions can also disappear, e.g. B. the sucking reflex is only necessary in the initial phase of food intake. Even an adult cannot survive without the breathing reflex.

What groups of unconditioned reflexes are distinguished by neurologists and neonatologists?

• Reflexes necessary for general normal functioning: breathing, sucking, swallowing, as well as spinal automatisms.
• The group of protective reflexes: special reactions that help the infant protect itself from external influences: bright light, heat, cold, other stimuli.
• The transition group, e.g. B. The following includes The breath-hold reflex preferred by some parents - when water falls on the baby's face, breathing movements stop. This reflex, which fades quickly, can be used to teach the infant to dive. Although it is not needed for swimming, it is required for successful passage through the mother's birth canal.

Different parts of the brain are 'responsible' for different reflexes. The segmental motor automatisms are controlled by segments of the brainstem, the spinal automatisms by the spinal cord, the suprasegmental or postotonic ones by the medial center and the medulla oblongata. Therefore, if a reflex does not manifest itself normally or, on the contrary, persists for a long time, it is necessary to diagnose the functioning of the brain regions in question. Parents can check the function of most of these reflexes themselves, which does not exclude a visit to a pediatrician or neurologist.

Oral automatisms: what helps the child to eat?

Segmental oral automatisms are a group of innate reflexes known to parents. They are the reason that infants can suckle independently from birth. These innate abilities help the infant search for a food source and then 'suck' milk independently.

Disturbances in these reflexes are usually an indication of facial paralysis or a disorder of the central nervous system. They are detected immediately after birth, as the manifestations of such automatisms can be checked immediately.

We know this reflex: it is often mocked with reference to the works of Freud. In reality, this reflex is the basis for feeding the baby. When we put a finger, nipple or teat in the baby's mouth, he begins to make rhythmic sucking movements to 'get the milk'.

The sucking reflex wanes at an average age of 3 to 4 years, which explains some cultural traditions whereby infants are breastfed until the automatism subsides.

Anthropologist Catherine Dettweiler, who observed many children in different tribes, concluded that the need to suckle disappears between the ages of 2.5 and 7 years and everything can be considered normal.

If the sucking reflex is not satisfied, children need a substitute - a pacifier, a finger, a piece of clothing, sticks, pens, pencils. However, this has nothing to do with smoking cigarettes in adulthood.

The search reflex is also linked to feeding: stroking the corner of the baby's mouth turns the head in the direction of the stroking, the mouth opens, and the tongue reaches for the stimulus. This reflex is especially good when the baby is about to eat.

When checking the expression, pay attention to the reactions on both sides of the mouth. The automatic search reflex lasts until the age of 3-4 months.

Who benefits from an exercise program

A lack of exercise always leads to negative consequences. This includes:

• salt deposits in the joints;
• Poor circulation;
• lack of hemoglobin in the blood;
• lower back pain;
• emotional overload;
• Headache;
• osteochondrosis of the spine;
• Lack of oxygen in the brain and others.

Flexx is therefore suitable for people who work in the office, suffer from hypodynamic diseases and are overweight. This type of fitness is also interesting for beginners: flexibility and stretching exercises contribute to strengthening the musculoskeletal system, heart and lungs, and help to normalize metabolism and prepare muscles for greater stress.

Benefits of Flexibility Exercises

With flexibility exercises you can develop your body in a harmonious way. All exercises are performed in a slow rhythm without fast movements. This rhythm is better for relieving muscle tension, flushing lactic acid from muscles, relaxing and getting rid of negative mental energy.

Stretching makes the body flexible and the muscles firm and strong. The posture becomes aristocratic and the silhouette more attractive.

The slow stretching of the muscles and joints has a positive effect on the internal organs and the circulatory system. The Pilates method normalizes breathing and regulates the digestive system and other abdominal organs. This leads to an increase in metabolic intensity and a strengthening of the immune system. The human body begins to actively defend itself against unfavorable environmental influences and effectively combats stress.

Newbies often ask what inflection is. What are their characteristics? The answer to these questions can be: Flexion is a set of exercises performed at a slow pace and accompanied by breathing exercises. The gentle movements tone the body, and deep breathing allows you to relax, triggering positive emotions.

In summary, flexing is about health and well-being.

• improves cardiovascular function
• accelerates metabolism;
• blood pressure is normalized
• the risk of injury is reduced;
• sleep returns to normal;
• Agility;
• the joints become more mobile.

The most important thing is that these results can be achieved without strenuous physical activity, which is often contraindicated in certain medical conditions.

Foot flexion

Vishnevskiy SV, Penza State University, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Penza, Russia

INTRODUCTION

Statistics show that most injuries sustained by athletes during competitions, sporting events and in clinical medicine are injuries to the musculoskeletal system and ligaments and tendons. In most cases, this is due to the fact that a large proportion of athletes are people with impaired optimal movement patterns. This is caused by unbalanced musculoskeletal and fascial relationships. Already in the Yellow Emperor's treatises on Zhen-tshu therapy they are referred to as tendon-muscle channels (meridians). In modern medicine, the conscious idea of using muscle circuits for therapeutic purposes goes back to the osteopathic doctor Ide Rolfing (1977). Her teaching, Rolfing, is based on the concept of muscle-fascia meridians, which are defined as typical lines along which the energy of tense muscles (muscle pull) spreads. Thomas Myers' (2001) work 'Anatomical Routes. Musculo-fascial meridians for manual and sports medicine' [3]. [3]. The author of this work described a system of myofascial connections and functional circuits that include all human tissues - epithelial, connective tissue, muscular and neural. Many of these chains start at the foot and end at the head (superficial anterior and posterior chains). Most importantly, almost all of the trunk's myofascial chains originate from the muscles and fascia of the foot.

In the early 1960s, George Goodhart of Detroit [5], Michigan, a former US Olympic team chief physician and chiropractor, developed a new approach to diagnosing and correcting patient problems based on empirical observations. His method was based on the fact that imbalance in any system of the body manifests itself as a type of muscle weakness, which is determined by chiropractic muscle testing (CMT). This approach became known as applied kinesiology.

Mechanical trauma at birth

The traumatic condition for unilateral sacral flexion in a torsional deformity is the mechanical trauma that is most likely to occur during birth, when, on the one hand, the baby's sacrum has the greatest flexibility, that is, the least ability to resist deformity, and, on the other hand, at the Passage through the birth canal or impact on the pelvis during backless delivery or during cesarean section surgery is exposed to direct mechanical impact.

As Prof. A. Yu writes. Ratner, describing the risks associated with breech birth: '.... most publications do not take into account the even greater strain on the fetal spine when pulling on the end of the pelvis in connection with the fixation of the head: This creates a danger not only for the cervical spine, but to an even greater extent for the thickening of the lumbar spine'. This is the reason why inferior flaccid paraparesis occurs in infants born in the breech position: they have no supporting reactions, their legs are in a 'frog position', etc. ' (A.Yu. Ratner, Neonatal Neurology, Binom. – M., 2005).

Craniosacral conditions

The craniosacral condition for unilateral sacral flexion in torsional deformity is a congenital asymmetry in the attachment of the caudal part of the dura mater to the sacrum at the level of S2. In this case, the sacrum is exposed to repeated asymmetrical long-term stress due to the interruption of the normal rhythm of movement of the dura.

The situation is similar with an asymmetrical fixation of the cephalic part of the dura or the presence of dural adhesions in the spinal canal or dysfunction of a part of the occipital bone, which is also possible only in early childhood - before synostomization of a part of the occipital bone.

Volar type SBS and its role in bite formation

The flexion type of SBS is a form of physiological SBS dysfunction, as movement of the sphenoid and occipital bones is preserved along their physiological axes (Fig. 1), but the flexion component of the cranio-occipital rhythm predominates over the extension component. The sphenoid and occipital bones are in flexion, meaning that the cranial bones that initiate the movement are also in a flexion pattern, and the paired cranial bones are in external rotation (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1: In the extension and flexion positions, the movements of the ischium and occipital bone are maintained along their physiological axes.

Fig. 2: In the flexion pattern, the remaining skull bones, which are driven by the sphenoid and occipital bone, are in external rotation or flexion.

1. During a normal birth, it is known that the newborn's head contracts (righting phenomenon) and opens again (flexion phenomenon) as it passes through the mother's birth canal. Often the baby's head does not open fully (i.e. it remains in extenso) or closes fully (i.e. it is in flexion) if the labor is too long or too fast.
2. Hereditary predisposition, belonging to certain races.
3. Increased intracranial pressure in the first year of life, hydrocephalus.
4. Trauma to the cervical spine, leading to disruption of cerebral circulation.

• The cranial vault is rounded;
• Eye sockets rounded, wide and 'open';
• zygomatic arches, brow ridges, lower jaw angles flattened;
• protruding ears (Figure 3).

Figure 3 a. Appearance in the inflection diagram.

Fig. 3 b. Appearance in a hunched position.

Bite: The upper jaw reflects the position of the upper jaw bones.

When the jaw is externally rotated, the upper incisors can be displaced more dorsally and the other upper teeth more laterally. Intra-articular changes between the incisor and the actual upper jaw lead to unphysiological enlargement. For example, a wide low palate (Roman arch) due to external rotation of the jaw. The teeth are large and tremors and diastemata may occur.

Advanced type of SBS dysfunction and its role in bite formation

The prolonged form of SBS refers to the physiological type of the disorder, since the axis of movement is preserved during the cranio-occipital rhythm of the sphenoid and occipital bones, but the extensor component (when the skull closes) predominates over the volar component.

Because both the sphenoid and occipital bones tend to be in extension, the cranial bones that are in motion during the craniosacral rhythm are also in extension when they are unpaired bones and in internal rotation when they are paired bones .

Characteristic appearance (Fig. 5):

• The head shape is elongated and the vertical size of the skull is increased;
• characteristic of asthenic individuals;
• high forehead;
• Eyes narrow, small
• the ears tend to be flattened in relation to the skull;
• slim nose;
• thin lips.

Fig. 5: In the extensive form, the remaining skull bones, driven by the sphenoid and occipital bone, are in internal or external rotation.

Bite: The upper jaw is narrow, the dental arches are Gothic, there may be crowding of teeth, rotation and dystopia. The bite itself is not conflictual, but overconcentration in the anterior region may occur (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Bite in the extroverted pattern.

The extroverted type of SBS can have the following clinical symptoms:

• Delay in psychomotor development from typically delayed to significantly delayed.
• Slowed activity.
• Asthenic type of personality development.
• Poor stress tolerance.
• Frequent colds (because the nasal passages and respiratory tract are narrowed - infections are trapped there).
• Visual defects such as farsightedness can occur.

It is possible to eliminate the negative effects of dysfunction on the body. It is a very good idea to work with children at a young age and before attaching orthodontic plates to the jawline, first work on the SBS, restore the mobility of the upper jaw and allow it to move freely in flexion and straightening, then orthodontic treatment will be faster, more effective and safer, and in some cases the plate wearing phase may not be necessary at all.

What are deep reflexes?

Deep reflexes are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in response to a stimulus that contains spindle receptors in the muscles. This process occurs in the form of involuntary muscle contractions during passive stretching of tendons.

This type of stretch is often determined by a small, jerky blow to the tendon attachment points on the muscle, which is performed with a special neurological hammer. When determining the response, the patient should assume a relaxed state and avoid tension and stiffness.

All muscles must be completely relaxed, otherwise it is not possible to determine the presence and extent of a reflex. If the patient feels tension in any part of the muscle, the reflex becomes inaccurate or disappears altogether.

If reactions are difficult to detect, the doctor will ask the patient to move away from the area being examined, such as For example, when examining foot reactions, clenching the teeth tightly or interlacing the fingers of both hands and stretching the arms with effort is called the Jendrassik technique.

The degree of deep reflexes is usually assessed using a point system:

• 4 points. – Maximum overreaction;
• 3 points – Reactive but with normal severity;
• 2 points. – Reactivity with normal expression is assessed;
• 1 point - small amount;
• 0 points. – complete absence.

The severity of reactions in healthy patients can vary greatly. As a rule, the reactions in the leg area are very pronounced and much easier to trigger than the reactions in the hands.

Types of tendon reflexes

One of the most revealing tendon reflexes is the Achilles reflex. It is triggered when a neurological hammer hits the site of the Achilles tendon. This causes the foot to contract and flex. This reflex is triggered by various methods, namely:

1. The patient must sit down.. He sits with his knees on the surface of a sofa or chair. The feet should hang freely downwards.
2. The patient lies on his stomach.. The doctor should hold the patient's two feet with his left hand at a right angle to the lower leg.
3. The patient should assume a 'supine position'.. The leg should be bent at the large joints and rotated outwards. The foot is then flexed into dorsiflexion and placed down. This process results in a plantarflexion-elbow reaction of the foot.

1. The plantar flexion elbow response. This reaction occurs when the technician hits the area of the phalanx of the thumb, which he places on the patient's ulnar flexion surface. He uses his finger to apply pressure to the tendon of the biceps muscle, which is located in the crook of the elbow. At the time of this procedure, the patient's hand should be half bent at the elbow and the forearm region should be completely relaxed and resting on the surface of the thigh. This reaction is accompanied by a motor reaction, which manifests itself as flexion of the arm at the elbow joint.
2. Extensor elbow reflex. Appears when a hammer blow is applied to the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle, which is located 1.5-2 cm above the protrusion on the elbow bone. In this procedure, the patient's arm is grasped just above the elbow through the shoulder region and held in this position. While this reflex is being detected, the arm is extended around the elbow joint.
3. Knee or pelvic reflex (knee reflex). This reaction is triggered when a hammer is placed on the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, which is located below the kneecap. A contractile response then occurs, followed by extension of the tibia. This reaction is triggered in two ways: first, when the patient is in the supine position and the therapist places his hand under the bluntly bent knee; on the other hand, when the patient sits low and the legs hang down. The process of dissolving the reaction is carried out using the Jendrassik technique. In this technique, the patient is instructed to squeeze the toes together and forcefully extend them to the side. When testing this reflex, the extension of the leg in the knee joint is observed.
4. Fasciculations – is a visually noticeable, involuntary twitching of individual muscle segments that occurs in the absence of a general contraction of the entire muscle. This contraction is caused by a spontaneous contraction of the muscle group. To detect fasciculation, a thorough examination of the patient is performed, focusing on hypotrophic and paretic muscle fibers. During the examination, the patient lies on his back and is maximally relaxed. The examination should be carried out in a warm room.
5. Fibrillate – is the spontaneous contraction of individual sections of muscle fibers. In contrast to the previous reflexes, fibrillations are not detected visually. They are detected using electromyography.

What causes pain in the soles of the feet?

People pay for the ability to walk upright with joint and spinal diseases. It is often the sole of the foot that hurts when walking because the foot is exposed to great stress that can lead to damage:

In addition, shoes that are intended to protect the feet often injure the feet even more due to incorrectly shaped, flat soles, heels that are too high, or synthetic materials.

Pain, fatigue and muscle cramps can indicate foot deformities, including flat feet, which, contrary to popular belief, can develop not only in childhood but also in adults.

If the foot is swollen and hot, this is an indication of developing inflammation, the cause of which can also be arthritis, which can damage both small and large joints. If the soft tissue inflammation in the foot has progressed, surgery may even be necessary. That's why it's important to see a doctor and start treatment as early as possible.

This condition requires careful diagnosis because it is not always related to the condition of the foot itself. Numbness can also be caused by vascular and spinal diseases. For example, a malformation or osteoarthritis of the spine can damage the nerve roots and cause numbness in the feet, buttocks or hips: you may experience numbness, tingling and goosebumps. If you have numbness in the soles of your feet, the cause should only be diagnosed by a doctor who will then prescribe the appropriate treatment.

What should I do if I have pain in my feet?

If the discomfort is caused by a callus or corn, you can usually fix the problem yourself. However, you should first examine the painful area and make sure there is no pain there:

Details of treatment.

Surgical intervention is necessary for infected wounds, abscesses, or significant damage to joints or ligaments. In other cases, conservative treatment may be sufficient:

• elimination of pain and swelling;
• elimination of inflammation;
• improve blood circulation;
• regeneration of joint tissue;
• strengthening of ligaments;
• Normalization of load distribution on the feet;
• improving local immunity;
• Restoration of foot function.

To achieve these goals, drug (anti-inflammatory, cartilage-protecting drugs, etc.) and non-drug methods such as physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises and massage are used. Only a comprehensive approach can completely eliminate the pathologies that cause pain and numbness in the soles of the feet.

So why does the pain occur most often there? Is the cause only in the structure of the feet?

The contradiction at the level of the cervical spine is as follows: Movements in the cervical spine occur in a spiral form (spiral movement form), that is, an angular movement is followed by a linear movement. So a movement is actually a combination of two types of movement. For example, flexion and extension (bending and stretching) at the level of the cervical spine are combined with a lateral displacement. The lateral flexion of the trunk (lateral bending) is associated with a forward movement of the joints. The rotation occurs with a displacement of the skull. These phenomena must be taken into account when evaluating functional images of the cervical spine. For example, if the images show lateral displacement of the vertebral bodies, the patient may have increased extension or a flat neck. In a given vertebra, the extent of lordosis or kyphosis is so great that there is no lateral displacement in the other plane, as excessive or insufficient flexion is perceived by the body as ideal movement.

The law of spiral movement is anchored in the anatomy of the vertebral bodies. Rotation in the cervical spine physiologically occurs in the first segment of C1-C2, and in order for the rotational movement to dominate, the 'tooth' of the second cervical vertebra is positioned strictly vertically, giving the movement a spiral shape. The second biomechanical feature is that the articular surface has an inclined plane. This is necessary so that the joint can perform three types of movements. In the cervical spine, lateral flexion and rotation always occur together. The rotation is greatest at the level of C2. A sign of normal biomechanics of the cervical spine is when the extent of right and left rotation is symmetrical. When one vertebra is displaced relative to the other, the neck loses its physiological lordosis and flexion occurs.

The laws of biomechanics should be observed during kinesiotherapy sessions. Particular attention is paid to the deep muscles of the neck, especially the short flexors and extensors. The correct integration of these muscles into the biomechanics of movement ensures the elimination of the effects of injuries in the middle third of the cervical spine, the restoration of the state of the diaphragm muscles, which are innervated by the phrenic nerve, which is often involved in the pathological process in patients with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine. The exercises on special decompression devices, carried out according to a program developed individually for each patient, make it possible to activate blood circulation in the deep cervical muscles and restore the maximum mobility of the cervical spine. The need to correct abnormalities in this area arises from the presence of several tension receptors, their connection to the oculomotor nerves and the direct impact on the condition of all lower spines.

• On half-bent legs.
• extension and flexion of the foot.
• rotation in anatomy.
• How do you know which leg is pushing?.
• What is supination and pronation of the hands?.
• What the orthopedist pays attention to.
• The flexor muscles of the foot.
• Paraparesis - what is it?.